Bone Marrow Biopsy in Children: Role of Pediatric Surgical Nurses

Background Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and BM trephine biopsy (BMTB) are used in pediatrics to detect hematological malignancies, non-malignant hematological disorders, and systemic diseases with suspected bone marrow involvement. BMA and BMTB can also be used to monitor treatment response or disease progression in patients diagnosed with hematological disorders. Both procedures are essential to pediatric hematology and must follow strict guidelines to ensure optimum results and maintain a positive patient experience. Objectives This literature review examines recent findings and recommendations related to BMA and BMTB in children for the nurse and healthcare team member caring for pediatric BMA and BMTB patients, including a review of current standard practices, new knowledge, and technologies. Design A literature search was conducted in electronic databases such as CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles using keywords that include BMA, biopsy, children, and pediatrics. Limits were set for publications in English and published after 2015. Results Seventeen articles were included in this review. Findings include indications and contraindications; procedural considerations; basics of appropriate techniques that will be utilized in the procedure; management of pain and other complications; and innovations in bone marrow evaluation to consider for updated practice. Conclusions Although bone marrow biopsies are recommended in patients for diagnosing malignant and non-malignant conditions and managing conditions, there are new technologies to lessen the risk of complications, improve patient experience during procedures, and new technologies to decrease the need for biopsy.