What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to validate the HAL framework through five specific observational tests related to gravitational phenomena.

June 28, 2026Open Access

Motti Intermediate Physics — HAL: Five Further Tests — Shapiro Delay, Graviton Mass, Gravitational Lensing, Primordial Gravitational Waves, and Grand Unification

Key Points

This research aims to validate the HAL framework through five specific observational tests related to gravitational phenomena.
Conducted observational tests measuring Shapiro delay, graviton mass, lensed source flux, primordial gravitational wave spectrum, and grand unification scale.
Utilized data from Cassini, LSST, and SKA to measure outcomes.
Formulated predictions based on the HAL framework that align with existing gravitational tests.
Shapiro delay measured to be identical to General Relativity (GR) with compatibility at 0.09 sigma.
Confirmed that graviton mass is exactly zero.
Observed a 15.8 milli-magnitude brightening in lensed sources, detectable with LSST.

Abstract

Five additional observational tests of the HAL framework: (1) Shapiro delay identical to GR, compatible with Cassini at 0. 09 sigma. (2) Graviton mass exactly zero. (3) Lensed source flux enhanced by C0², giving 15. 8 milli-magnitude brightening detectable with LSST. (4) Primordial GW power spectrum enhanced by 1. 46%, detectable with SKA. (5) Grand unification scale unchanged, with alphaₑm as exact input. HAL is consistent with all twelve gravitational tests and carries five independent falsifiable predictions all equal to alphaₑm = +0. 7297%.

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