Climate change is reshaping migration, livelihood security, and employment conditions in Pakistan, yet the gendered employment consequences of climate-induced displacement remain insufficiently synthesized across provincial contexts. This article presents a qualitative secondary review and thematic synthesis of the climate–migration–women's employment nexus in Pakistan, drawing on academic literature, institutional reports, and national and provincial policy documents published between 2010 and 2025. Guided by Gender and Development, Feminist Political Ecology, Climate Justice, and Intersectionality, the study examines how climate-related shocks intersect with women's informal employment, unpaid care burdens, green job exclusion, and climate governance. The findings suggest that climate change operates less as an isolated cause of women's vulnerability and more as a structural threat multiplier that intensifies pre-existing inequalities in land ownership, labor protection, mobility, social protection, and decision-making. Across Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, women's climate-related livelihood risks are shaped by uneven policy implementation, weak sex-disaggregated data, limited gender-responsive budgeting, and fragmented governance following decentralization. The study contributes to existing literature by offering a cross-provincial synthesis of gendered climate migration and women's employment in Pakistan and by identifying how policy-practice gaps restrict women's access to climate-resilient livelihoods and green employment. The article argues that gender-responsive climate governance in Pakistan must link disaster recovery, informal labor protection, and green job planning with enforceable provincial accountability mechanisms.
Ullah et al. (2026) studied this question.