Zooming in: The role of nonverbal behavior in sensing the quality of collaborative group engagement

Abstract Successful computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) relies on collaborative group engagement, a complex construct characterized by multifaceted, dynamic, socio-emotional, and socio-cognitive processes. This paper provides a detailed analysis of collaborative group engagement, with a particular focus on nonverbal behaviors as indicators of high versus low group engagement. Using video observations and a multi-method approach, we examine in detail the relationships between different dimensions of group engagement (i.e., behavioral, social, cognitive, and conceptual-to-consequential engagement) and nonverbal behaviors. Using qualitative case analysis, we also provide a rich examination of selected cases to identify the role that nonverbal behaviors play in high-engagement sequences compared with low-engagement sequences. Our findings shed light on specific nonverbal behaviors, including nodding, laughing, and eye contact, as significant indicators of high versus low collaborative group engagement. Notably, more of these nonverbal behaviors are evident in high-engagement sequences, suggesting mutual reinforcement on each dimension of engagement—with the exception of behavioral engagement, where increased laughing or smiling is evident in low-engagement sequences, but still serves a productive group process. The paper concludes with a discussion and implications of the findings. By demonstrating the role of nonverbal behaviors as important indicators, this work contributes to the understanding of the complex, dynamic, and contextualized nature of collaborative group engagement in CSCL settings.