In recent decades, flexible electronics have witnessed remarkable advancements in multiple fields, encompassing wearable electronics, human–machine interfaces (HMI), clinical diagnosis, and treatment, etc. Nevertheless, conventional rigid electronic devices are fundamentally constrained by their inherent non-stretchability and poor conformability, limitations that substantially impede their practical applications. In contrast, conductive hydrogels (CHs) for electronic skin (E-skin) and healthcare monitoring have attracted substantial interest owing to outstanding features, including adjustable mechanical properties, intrinsic flexibility, stretchability, transparency, and diverse functional and structural designs. Considerable efforts focus on developing CHs incorporating various conductive materials to enable multifunctional wearable sensors and flexible electrodes, such as metals, carbon, ionic liquids (ILs), MXene, etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the recent advancements in CHs, focusing on their classifications and practical applications. Firstly, CHs are categorized into five groups based on the nature of the conductive materials employed. These categories include polymer-based, carbon-based, metal-based, MXene-based, and ionic CHs. Secondly, the promising applications of CHs for electrophysiological signals and healthcare monitoring are discussed in detail, including electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), respiratory monitoring, and motion monitoring. Finally, this review concludes with a comprehensive summary of current research progress and prospects regarding CHs in the fields of electronic skin and health monitoring applications.
Zhu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.