Influence of planting dates and fertilizer modules on yield of chrysanthemum and soil health

Abstract Background Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P 1 :June 15, P 2 :June 30, P 3 :July 15, P 4 :July 30, P 5 :August 15 and P 6 :August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM 1 :Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant −1 and FM 2 :NPK @ 30 g m −2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results P 6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha −1 ), available P (37 kg ha −1 ), available K (347 kg ha −1 ), bacterial count (124.87 × 10 7 cfu g −1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 10 2 cfu g −1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 10 2 cfu g −1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g −1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h −1 g −1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h −1 g −1 soil) was recorded in P 1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m −2 . However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m −2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha −1 ), available P (37 kg ha −1 ) and available K (349 kg ha −1 ) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha −1 . Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 10 7 cfu g −1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 10 2 cfu g −1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 10 2 cfu g −1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g −1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h −1 g −1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h −1 g −1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant −1 . Conclusion Early planting (P 1 ) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m −2 ) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model.