Spatiotemporal modeling of under-five mortality and associated risk factors in Ethiopia using 2000–2016 EDHS data

Abstract Background The under-five mortality rate serves as a key indicator of the performance of a country’s healthcare system. Despite a minor decline, Ethiopia continues to face a persistently high under-five mortality rate across different zones. Thus, this study aimed to identify the risk factors of under-five mortality and the spatiotemporal variation in Ethiopian administrative zones. Method This study used the 2000–2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data which were collected using a two-stage sampling method. A total of 43,029 (10,873 in 2000, 9,861 in 2005, 11,654 in 2011, and 10,641 in 2016) weighted sample under-five child mortality were used. The space-time dynamic model was employed to account for spatial and time effects in 65 administrative zones in Ethiopia. Results From the result of a general nesting spatial-temporal dynamic model, there was a significant space-time interaction effect γ = -0.1444, 95% CI(-0.6680, -0.1355) for under-five mortality. The increase in the percentages of mothers illiteracy β = 0.4501, 95% CI (0.2442, 0.6559), not vaccinatedβ= 0.7681, 95% CI (0.5683, 0.9678), unimproved waterβ= 0.5801, CI (0.3793, 0.7808) were increased death rates for under five children while increased percentage of contraceptive use β= -0.6609, 95% CI (-0.8636, -0.4582) and antenatal care unit visit > 4 times β= -0.1585, 95% CI(-0.1812, -0.1357) were contributed to the decreased under-five mortality rate at the zone in Ethiopia. Conclusions Even though the mortality rate for children under five has decreased over time, still there is higher in different zones of Ethiopia. There exists spatial and temporal variation in under-five mortality among zones. Therefore, it is very important to consider spatial neighborhood’s and temporal context when aiming to avoid under-five mortality.