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Integrating physical models with socio-economic considerations is essential to sufficiently analyze complex hydrological systems and design effective strategies for groundwater management. This integrated approach offers an effective means of detecting links between aquifer properties and groundwater processes. This study aims to assess the impact of human activities and climate changes on groundwater resources. In particular, the final goal is to quantify the spatial distribution of natural groundwater recharge, which is needed to assess the impact of anthropogenic factors on sustainable groundwater management in the Chiba watershed, NE of Tunisia as an example of a stressed hydrosystem. The proposed methodology is based on the estimation of natural groundwater recharge through hydrological modeling with the use of the SWAT model while considering land use/land cover changes occurring within the study area, coupled with the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses) socio-economic approach for time period 1985-2021. The surveys were constructed and processed based on the probability of occurrence for the degree of satisfaction with arguments related to the DPSIR parameter within the category of the 5-point Likert scale (ranging from level 1 - very low to level 5 - very high), including mean, standard deviation, and the consensus (CnS).Chiba watershed was selected as a case study since its climate is representative of the Tunisian semi-arid context, and due to the high vulnerability of the existing groundwater systems with respect to human activities. The hydrological simulations suggest a gradual decrease of 33% in the aquifer's natural recharge over the entire time period. The long-term average value of the annual recharge rate per sub-basin does not exceed 3 mm/year, keeping groundwater recharge levels in the basin relatively low. This observation is mainly attributed to climate change with CnS of 0.6 and over-exploitation of the water sources for irrigation purposes (CnS = 0.62), leading to aquifer depletion and degradation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems (CnS = 0.73). These results suggest that different management practices, such as more conservative water use (CnS = 0.6), long-term monitoring and Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) with wastewater (CnS = 0.76), can help rural residents to diversify their economies while preserving these water resources. However, although attempts of MAR have been undertaken, they remain insufficient to counter the pressure on the coastal aquifer, underlining the importance of preserving the fragile semi-arid landscape. The proposed approach is applicable to other regions having similar climatic and socio-economic conditions. It also demonstrates that pure modeling solutions need to be coupled to the socio-economic approaches to be able to constitute a solid asset for sustainable water resources management of stressed hydro-systems. Acknowledgments This work is funded by National Funding Agencies from Germany, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain, and Tunisia under the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) and supported under Horizon 2020 by the European Unions Framework for Research and Innovation.
Chekirbane et al. (Fri,) studied this question.