Closed-Loop Anesthesia: Advances in Automated Drug Delivery and Perioperative Monitoring

A BSTRACT Closed-loop anesthesia is an advanced system that uses real-time monitoring to automatically adjust anesthetic drug delivery during surgery. It helps maintain stable anesthesia levels by continuously analyzing data such as heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity. These systems improve patient safety, reduce drug fluctuations, and lessen the manual workload of anesthesiologists. Closed-loop anesthesia is especially useful for patients undergoing major surgeries, as well as those with special needs like children, the elderly, and individuals with health conditions. Various technologies and drugs, including propofol, remifentanil, and sevoflurane, support its function. As technology progresses, future systems may combine control of anesthesia, fluids, and blood pressure medications, working closely with electronic health records. Despite automation, human supervision remains essential for safe and effective anesthesia care.