Biologics in COPD: Current Status and Future Prospects

Although substantial progress has been made in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), significant unmet needs remain due to its heterogeneity and diverse underlying inflammatory mechanisms. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of COPD beyond a single pathophysiologic model, leading to the development of biologic therapies that target specific immune pathways. This review summarizes current evidence from clinical trials of biologics in COPD. Early attempts to inhibit non-type 2 inflammation yielded limited results, underscoring the need for more refined, endotype-based approaches. Subsequent Phase 3 trials have demonstrated substantial clinical benefits in defined patient subsets: dupilumab, which blocks interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signaling, and mepolizumab, which targets IL-5, consistently reduced exacerbation frequency among patients with high blood eosinophil counts (≥300 cells/μL). In contrast, other biologics-benralizumab, tezepelumab, and IL-33/ST2 pathway inhibitors such as itepekimab, tozorakimab, and astegolimab-have shown variable efficacy, often dependent on biomarker profiles and patient characteristics. Together, these findings underscore the importance of precise patient stratification based on inflammatory endotypes. While biologics represent a major step forward for selected COPD populations, further research is required to clarify long-term outcomes, refine biomarker thresholds, and expand treatment options for non-eosinophilic COPD.