The Risk-Needs-Responsivity model indicates that effective interventions are tailored and responsive to individual factors. Yet, responsivity is the most underdeveloped principle of the model, and little is known about how to make responsive intervention programs for Black men in prison. To explore whether racial identity is a viable specific responsivity factor, the present study sought to (a) identify what racial identity profiles exist and (b) elucidate whether different racial identity attitudes manifest different scores on measures of criminal thinking and recidivism. Three hundred seventy-four Black men (Mage = 34.89, SDage = 9.74) across 11 correctional facilities in the southern United States completed a demographic questionnaire, the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, and the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire. Cluster analysis revealed five racial identity profiles (integrated, conflicted, self-hatred, low race salience, and anti-White). Participants with self-hatred and anti-White racial identity attitudes had higher criminal thinking and a greater risk of recidivism. Racial identity attitudes may be an important specific responsivity factor to consider in rehabilitation programs tailored for some Black men in prison. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Anderson et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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