Biomass-derived highly graphitized hard carbon materials via tandem carbonization–graphitization for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Key Points

• The aim is to develop high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries using biomass-derived materials.
• Synthesized hard carbons from biomass through a combined carbonization and graphitization process.
• Characterized structural features including pseudo-graphitic domains and closed pores.
• The synthesized hard carbons exhibited enhanced performance metrics as anodes.
• Coexisting pseudo-graphitic domains contributed to improved conductivity.