ABSTRACT Electric and fuel cell vehicles represent emerging energy consumers reliant on power systems, deriving their energy through hydrogen refuelling or charging stations linked to the power grid. Ensuring these stations do not degrade the network's technical performance necessitates effective energy management strategies. This study introduces an economically oriented energy scheduling framework for vehicle refuelling stations supplied by batteries and renewable sources such as photovoltaic, bio‐waste and wind within an intelligent distribution grid. The proposed setup integrates both electric vehicles charging stations and hydrogen refuelling stations; the bi‐level programming is used. Upper‐level objective seeks to minimise the combined energy loss and operation costs of the grid, subject to optimal power flow constraints. The lower level considers the minimisation of operational costs of the refuelling stations. Constraints account for the operational models of renewable units, batteries and various refuelling station types, with consideration for reactive power management. Uncertainties associated with loads, prices, renewable resource power and vehicle station operations are modelled using stochastic optimisation. The Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker methodology is employed to identify optimal solutions. Numerical results demonstrate the framework's capability to optimise station operations while improving both operational and economic aspects of the network. Findings reveal that operating a station powered only by the grid results in a 144.6% rise in grid operation costs and a 167.6% increase in energy losses. Additionally, the voltage drop is more than 0.1 per unit and the electrical lines face an excessive load of 34.7%. The scheme enhances the grid's economic conditions by 51.3% to 74.5% and operating performance by 17.7% to 148.1%, compared to constructing a station devoid of renewable sources or batteries.
Mehdi Veisi (Thu,) studied this question.