Abstract An important challenge for individuals of group-living species is to build cooperative relationships with new partners. One famous strategy for doing so is ‘raise the stakes’, proposing low initial investments that increase if the partner matches these investments in a series of exchanges. Contrarily, the ‘all in’ strategy predicts high initial investment that may be maintained, but downregulated if not fully matched. We tested these predictions on grooming exchanges between wild male–female vervet monkeys, a species with regular male dispersal. Contrary to model predictions, we found uneven initial investment between novel partners that reached near reciprocity after approximately 6 months. To identify which sex altered investment, we examined grooming durations and frequencies of novel and established partners. Females showed consistently high initial investment and gradually reduced grooming over the first 6 months. Males did not alter grooming duration but had higher grooming frequency after a year of residency. Eventually, grooming exchanges nearly evened out. Female behaviour aligns more closely with the ‘all in’ strategy, which suggests competition among female groups over dispersing males. Male behaviour partly fits the ‘raise the stakes’ hypothesis. The study highlights the complexity of real-life cooperation, emphasizing the need to explicitly incorporate life history parameters to understand cooperative strategies.
Tankink et al. (Wed,) studied this question.