What question did this study set out to answer?

To provide an updated status of the SB9 catalogue while comparing it with the Gaia DR3 Non-Single Stars archive.

February 28, 2026Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society0 citationsOpen Access

The S B9 catalogue : status, comparison with non-single stars from Gaia DR3 and evolution to S B X

TMT MerleUniversité Libre de Bruxelles AJA JorissenUniversité Libre de Bruxelles SASylvie AlexandreUniversité Libre de Bruxelles

Key Points

To provide an updated status of the SB9 catalogue while comparing it with the Gaia DR3 Non-Single Stars archive.
Compiled approximately 4000 spectroscopic binaries with orbital parameters.
Performed statistical analysis on orbital period distributions and eccentricity.
Cross-matched with Gaia DR3 using positional and proper-motion data.
Established a benchmark sample for future research on binary stars.
Identified 827 SB9 binaries matching with Gaia NSS, with 655 deemed reliable.
Found limited overlap (21%) between SB9 and Gaia NSS due to multiple factors.
Updated the SB9 catalogue to include 4003 systems, noting existence of higher-order multiples.

Abstract

Abstract The Ninth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (S₁䃉) is a comprehensive compilation of spectroscopic binaries (SBs) with orbital parameters sourced from the literature, comprising approximately 4000 systems with about 2800 single-lined and 1200 double-lined binaries. This work presents the latest status of the S₁䃉 catalogue after over two decades of development since its online inception in 2004. In particular, we expose the statistical properties of SBs in terms of orbital period distributions and eccentricity-period diagrams per spectral type and evolutionary stage. We perform a careful cross-match with the Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) to update astrometric parameters and compare with the Gaia DR3 Non-Single Star (NSS) catalogue. Our cross-matching approach uses positional separations, magnitudes, and proper-motion back-propagation to identify counterparts. The final S₁䃉 version updated by D. Pourbaix (2021-03-02) includes 4003 SB systems, some in higher-order multiples: 152 in triples, 71 in quadruples and 14 in higher-order systems. Among these 4003 SB, 3976 have matching Gaia DR3 identifiers, while 21 are too bright and six too faint for Gaia detection. red Ten S₁䃉 systems with periods larger than 1180 d (including a spectroscopic triple) have been spatially resolved by GaiaDR3. We identify a common sample of 827 S₁䃉 binaries cross-matched with Gaia NSS, among which 655 are considered as reliable, based on relative period and absolute eccentricity differences not exceeding 10 %. The limited overlap (21 % of S₁䃉) is primarily due to selection cuts in NSS SB1 analysis, brightness limits, temporal baselines, and partial orbital solutions in the Gaia NSS catalogue. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of both catalogues and establishes a clean benchmark sample for future binary star research. Our work marks the transition of S₁䃉 into S₁ₗ, The eXtended Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits⋆, featuring a modern relational database, improved web interface, and Virtual Observatory access standards, aiming to enhance accessibility, data quality, and analysis capabilities for the binary and multiple star community.

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