This article presents a secondary data-based comparative study of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices in India and two developed economies, the United States and Japan. Information is drawn from existing sources such as the Companies Act 2013, government notifications, corporate CSR and sustainability reports, and published research, without using any primary survey or fieldwork. India is one of the few countries where CSR spending has been given a legal framework, requiring eligible companies to allocate at least 2% of their average net profits to specified social and environmental activities. As a result, CSR initiatives in India largely focus on education, health, rural development, livelihood generation, and environmental protection, often implemented through NGOs, foundations, and public–private partnerships. In contrast, CSR in the United States and Japan is not driven by a mandatory spending percentage. In the US, CSR and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) practices are shaped mainly by investor expectations, market pressure, and global reporting standards. Key priorities include climate action, sustainability, diversity and inclusion, and ethical supply chains. In Japan, CSR is rooted strongly in culture and corporate philosophy, with emphasis on product quality and safety, employee welfare, community harmony, environmental conservation, and disaster preparedness. The study uses tables and conceptual diagrams to summarize the legal nature, drivers, focus areas, reporting styles, and stakeholder orientation of CSR in the three countries. The analysis shows that, although the legal and cultural approaches differ, all three systems recognize the responsibility of business towards society and the environment. The paper concludes that India’s law-based CSR model has widened corporate participation in development, but there is a need to strengthen impact assessment, transparency, and long-term integration of CSR with business strategy, drawing lessons from the more mature ESG and ethics-driven frameworks of the US and Japan.
Fameeda (Sun,) studied this question.