A hierarchical optimization framework for the real-time operation of hybrid hydrogen-battery microgrids considering solid oxide fuel cell start-up and waste heat recovery

Key Points

• The framework improves real-time operation of hybrid hydrogen-battery microgrids, integrating waste heat recovery.
• Key improvement noted includes a reduction in energy loss by up to 30% during solid oxide fuel cell startup.
• Assessment of the framework was conducted using simulation models over multiple operational scenarios.
• Enhanced energy management strategies may enable better efficiency in microgrid systems relying on renewable sources.