Surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and comprehensive characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles: influence of surfactants on morphology, surface area, wettability, and optical properties for advanced functional applications

Key Points

• Tin oxide nanoparticles exhibited diverse morphologies influenced by varying surfactants, enhancing their functional applicability.
• Distinct optical properties were observed, indicating a strong correlation between surfactant type and nanoparticle behavior.
• Hydrothermal synthesis techniques were employed to produce tin oxide nanoparticles with altered wettability based on surfactant presence.
• Findings support improvements in the design and application of nanoparticles for various technological fields.