AI-enhanced virtual reality martial arts training: how technology readiness, instructional design, usefulness, and instructor competency drive learning performance through cognitive absorption

Key Points

• Enhanced learning performance is linked to cognitive absorption and instructor competency, improving training outcomes in martial arts.
• Participants displayed significant improvement in learning performance when guided by effective instructional design features.
• Observational analysis across various training environments highlights the importance of technology readiness in martial arts training.
• Implications may support the integration of AI and virtual reality in martial arts education, though real-world testing is needed.