March 3, 2026Physical review. D/Physical review. D.0 citationsOpen Access

Impact of primordial magnetic fields on the first-order electroweak phase transition

AAnonymousZhejiang University of Science and Technology LBLigong BianChongqing University RCRong-Gen CaiNingbo University

Key Points

The electroweak phase transition is slowed down by primordial magnetic fields, affecting early cosmic evolution.
Vortex structures of Higgs condensation emerge in the presence of homogenous hypermagnetic fields under specific conditions.
The helical hypermagnetic field significantly increases the sphaleron rate, impacting baryon asymmetry generation.
Findings suggest that magnetic fields in the early Universe play a crucial role in phase transition processes.

Abstract

We numerically study how the primordial magnetic field affects the first-order electroweak phase transition in the early Universe. We observe the following: 1) the phase transition process would be slowed down by the magnetic field; 2) the phenomenon of vortex structure of the Higgs condensation appears when the homogenesis hypermagentic field g ′ B Y e x / m W 2 ≳ 3.63 ; and, 3) the helical hypermagnetic field can dramatically enhance the sphaleron rate and validate the generation of the baryon asymmetry through the chiral anomaly.

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