Synthesis, description of nickle oxide nanoparticles and modifying its surface from waste batteries for efficient methyl orange dye removal: kinetic, isotherms and thermodynamic studies

Key Points

• Methyl orange dye removal efficiency reached 98% using nickel oxide nanoparticles derived from waste batteries.
• Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was rapid, achieving equilibrium within 60 minutes.
• Isotherm models indicated that the adsorption fits best with the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer coverage.
• The thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic, implying favorable conditions.