The topography of regulatory costs: The shadow cost-gradient of parking standards

Key Points

• The analysis reveals shadow costs associated with parking standards, emphasizing their economic impact.
• A 20% increase in regulatory costs correlates with 15% reduction in parking efficiency, highlighting inefficiencies.
• Assessment of various parking policies indicates significant variations in regulatory costs across different regions.
• Findings suggest that optimizing parking standards could lead to better economic outcomes and reduced costs.