What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to create an eco-friendly approach to remediate textile dye-polluted water using a novel composite material.

March 10, 2026Chemical Engineering Journal Green and Sustainable2 citationsOpen Access

Green-synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticle–activated carbon composite from Chrysophyllum albidum seed shells for sustainable remediation of textile dye-polluted water

OOOlarike Favour OyediranLadoke Akintola University of Technology OAOmotayo Sarafadeen AmudaLadoke Akintola University of Technology KSKazeem Kolapo SalamLadoke Akintola University of Technology

Key Points

The aim is to create an eco-friendly approach to remediate textile dye-polluted water using a novel composite material.
Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using green tea extract
Preparation of steam-activated carbon from Chrysophyllum albidum seed shells
Application of adsorption techniques to remove Procion Red MX dye
Optimization of processes using Response Surface Methodology and Definitive Screening Design
Characterization of adsorption behavior using kinetic and isotherm models
Achieved maximum dye removal efficiencies of 98.97% for the composite and 97.91% for activated carbon
Optimized conditions included adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L, pH 11, and contact time of 59.76 min
Demonstrated stability over five regeneration cycles with slight efficiency decrease
Significant reductions in color, BOD₅, and heavy metals in treated wastewater

Abstract

The tie-and-dye industry is a thriving industry in Nigeria that generates large volumes of wastewater laden with dyes and auxiliary chemicals, indiscriminately disposed of into the environment. This study develops a green and sustainable remediation approach for textile dye-contaminated water using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) supported on steam-activated carbon derived from Chrysophyllum albidum seed shells (CSAC). The TiO₂ NPs were synthesized via a green route using green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) leaf extract. The synthesized TiO₂ NPs, raw CSAC, and TiO₂NPs–CSAC composite were applied to the adsorption of Procion Red MX dye (PRMXD), following characterization. Process optimization using a Definitive Screening Design (DSD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) yielded a desirability value of 0.994. The model predicted maximum removal efficiencies of 98.97% (TiO₂NPs–CSAC) and 97.91% (CSAC) under the following optimal conditions: adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L, pH 11, temperature of 33.28 °C, initial dye concentration of 99.99 mg/L, and a contact time of 59.76 min. Adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fitted the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption. When applied to real Adire textile effluent (ATE), removal efficiencies were 70.32% and 66.48% for TiO₂NPs–CSAC and CSAC, respectively. Both adsorbents demonstrated excellent stability over five regeneration cycles, although efficiency decreased to 55.35% and 40.89%, respectively, by the fifth cycle. Post-treatment analyses confirmed significant reductions in color, BOD₅, alkalinity, and heavy metal levels (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu). The findings highlight TiO₂NPs-CSAC as an efficient, green adsorbent for industrial wastewater management. • Steam-activated carbon from Chrysophyllum albidum seed shells was successfully synthesized. • Green tea–mediated TiO₂ nanoparticles were loaded onto CSAC to form TiO₂NPs-CSAC composite. • Optimization via RSM–DSD achieved a high desirability value of 0.994 for PRMXD removal. • Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Freundlich isotherm models. • TiO₂NPs-CSAC efficiently treated real textile effluent, reducing dye and heavy metal load.

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