Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder, with Lupus Nephritis (LN) representing a severe complication that affects a significant proportion of patients. Current treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, are limited by systemic toxicity and nonspecific biodistribution. Nanomaterial‐based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges by improving drug solubility, facilitating targeted delivery, and reducing off‐target effects. This review comprehensively discusses the rational design and application of advanced nanomaterials—such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and biomimetic nanocarriers—in the context of SLE/LN therapy. It highlights how tailored nanoplatforms can selectively target key immune cells (e.g., T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and renal parenchymal cells, support combination therapy, and improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing off‐target effects. Furthermore, the review critically examines current challenges and future prospects for clinical translation, advocating for smarter nano‐therapeutics capable of integrating immune modulation and organ‐specific targeting. This work aims to bridge materials design and immunology, providing insights into next‐generation treatments for SLE/LN diseases.
Zhou et al. (Sun,) studied this question.