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March 17, 20260 citationsOpen Access

rhoDE (T) through the QCD crossover and a conservative bound on OmegaGW in the PTA band

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MBMiguel Ángel Moreno Barajas

Key Points

  • To analyze the thermal evolution of dark energy across the QCD crossover and establish upper bounds on gravitational waves.
  • Calculated rho_DE(T) using lattice QCD inputs for effective hadronic scale mu_*(T).
  • Examined changes around the QCD crossover to assess impacts on cosmological tensor modes.
  • Applied standard gravitational-wave formulas to frame the significance of binding ratios.
  • Identified a rapid change in rho_DE due to the hadronic transition at low temperatures.
  • Established an upper bound for h^2 Omega_GW^peak as O(10^-73), significantly below observed PTA levels.
  • Confirmed that even variations of kappa(T) do not impact the negative conclusion regarding gravitational wave amplitude.

Abstract

Abstract (English) Within a framework where dark energy obeys rhoDE = kappa GN mu_*⁶, we calculate its thermal evolution rhoDE (T) around the QCD crossover using lattice inputs for the effective hadronic scale mu_* (T) (CLS E250). The hadronic transition produces an O (1) change in mu_* and therefore a rapid "turn-on" of rhoDE as one moves to low temperatures, but the absolute magnitude of rhoDE (T) is always negligible compared with radiation at T ≈ 0. 1–0. 2 GeV. By treating the change in rhoDE (T) in a deliberately optimistic way as a source of cosmological tensor modes and using standard gravitational-wave formulas for phase transitions, we obtain an upper bound h² OmegaGWᵖeak ≲ O (10^-73), more than ~60 orders of magnitude below the PTA level observed by NANOGrav. The characteristic frequency falls in the nHz range, but the amplitude is strongly suppressed by the ratio rhoDE/rhoᵣad << 1. The approximation kappa (T) ≈ kappa (0) is used only as a conservative baseline; even broad variations of kappa (T) do not alter this negative conclusion. Resumen (Español) En un marco donde la energía oscura obedece rhoDE = kappa GN mu_*⁶, calculamos su evolución térmica rhoDE (T) alrededor del crossover de QCD usando entradas de lattice para la escala hadrónica efectiva mu_* (T) (CLS E250). La transición hadrónica produce un cambio de O (1) en mu_* y por tanto un "encendido" rápido de rhoDE al pasar a temperaturas bajas, pero la magnitud absoluta de rhoDE (T) es siempre despreciable frente a la radiación a T ≈ 0. 1–0. 2 GeV. Tratando de manera deliberadamente optimista el cambio en rhoDE (T) como fuente de tensores cosmológicos y empleando fórmulas estándar de ondas gravitacionales de transiciones de fase, obtenemos un límite superior h² OmegaGWᵖeak ≲ O (10^-73), más de ~60 órdenes por debajo del nivel PTA observado por NANOGrav. La frecuencia característica cae en el rango nHz, pero la amplitud está fuertemente suprimida por el cociente rhoDE/rhoᵣad << 1. La aproximación kappa (T) ≈ kappa (0) se usa únicamente como baseline conservador; incluso variaciones amplias de kappa (T) no alteran esta conclusión negativa.

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Cite This Study

Miguel Ángel Moreno Barajas (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69b8f162deb47d591b8c64bbhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19038089
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