Standardized and efficient recycling of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs) is crucial for a circular economy, and optimizing recycling models can strongly support sustainable development strategies. This study conducts investigations in Hubei and Jiangxi Provinces to examine the recycling management models of WLABs, identifying key recycling approaches and management challenges. We systematically assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of China’s WLAB recycling industry based on the SWOT analysis model. Based on the findings, we propose a multi-stakeholder collaborative optimization strategy featuring “government leadership, producer responsibility, recycler coordination, and consumer participation”. This framework aims to advance the industry toward greener and more standardized development.
Liu et al. (Sun,) studied this question.