The accessibility of parks is critical to the health and well-being of older persons in urban settings, as they are often vulnerable due to mobility limitations, health issues, and social isolation. Although a growing body of research has examined park accessibility among older adults, existing studies remain fragmented, often focusing on single transport modes, fixed travel-time thresholds, or treating the elderly as a homogeneous group. As a result, the spatial and temporal implications of transport conditions for park accessibility have rarely been examined within an integrated, multimodal, and age-differentiated framework. To address this gap, this study assesses park accessibility for the elderly using a multimodal transportation approach that considers walking, cycling, driving, and public transport within travel-time thresholds of 10–60 min, combined with spatial aggregation and MGWR. Results indicate that inner London benefits from better short-distance park access due to dense public transport and pedestrian infrastructure, whereas elderly residents in outer London depend more on driving and rail for longer trips. These findings highlight the need for targeted, mode- and place-specific interventions, particularly improving pedestrian access to nearby parks and enhancing subway station accessibility in outer London, supporting more inclusive urban planning for elderly well-being.
Duan et al. (Sun,) studied this question.