ABSTRACT The integration of hydroxyapatite (HA) through electrodeposition has emerged as a promising strategy for advancing the field of biomedical materials. This review presents a comprehensive survey of the latest developments and innovations in the application of electrodeposited HA for enhanced biomedical performance. Focusing on the concept of “smart surfaces,” we explore the multifaceted role of HA in improving the biocompatibility, durability, and functionality of diverse biomedical interfaces. HA coatings on metallic substrates have been extensively investigated because of their relevance in biomedical and functional surface applications. The performance of such coatings is strongly influenced by interfacial adhesion, electrolyte chemistry, and precipitation kinetics, which together govern phase formation, microstructural uniformity, and mechanical stability. This review summarizes recent advances in the deposition of HA coatings, with particular emphasis on low‐temperature electrochemical and hydrothermal–electrochemical approaches. Key challenges associated with the use of dilute calcium and phosphate electrolytes, the narrow pH window required for phase‐pure HA formation, and limitations in coating adhesion are discussed. Special attention is given to the role of complexing agents, such as EDTA and its sodium salts, in regulating Ca 2 + ion activity, moderating precipitation kinetics, and improving phase selectivity and interfacial stability. By integrating insights from recent studies, this review highlights the fundamental relationships between deposition conditions and coating properties and outlines strategies for achieving controlled and reliable HA coatings on titanium‐based substrates. Furthermore, this review explores the incorporation of bioactive agents and growth factors within an electrodeposited HA matrix, highlighting the potential for controlled drug delivery and accelerated tissue regeneration. The responsive nature of these smart surfaces to environmental stimuli, such as pH and temperature, is discussed in the context of tailoring material properties for specific biomedical applications. In addition, attention has been given to the utilization of electrodeposited HA in designing implants, prosthetics, and medical devices with enhanced antimicrobial properties, aiming to mitigate the risk of infections commonly associated with biomedical interventions. The compilation of recent advancements in the field provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the electrodeposition of HA for biomedical applications. This survey not only contributes to the understanding of smart surfaces but also serves as a guide for researchers and practitioners seeking to leverage the full potential of electrodeposited HA in the pursuit of enhanced biomedical performance.
Kiey et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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