Increasing Lp(a) exposure had direct, independent causal effects on coronary artery disease and HbA1c only; very low Lp(a) exposure is suggested to not be causally associated with type 2 diabetes. The optimal European and African ancestry threshold to stratify cardiovascular risk is comparable, and below 125/105 nmol/L in current U.S./European medical professional society guidelines.
Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.