Policy recommendations for enhancing the process-based Genetically Modified Organisms labeling system and improving post-management mechanisms: focusing on the 22nd Nationallabeling system and improving post-management mechanisms: focusing on the 22nd National Assembly’s legislative discussions and international comparisonsAssembly’s legislative discussions and international comparisons

Korea’s GMO labeling framework has historically operated under a detection-based approach, requiring labeling only when genetically modified (GM) DNA or proteins remain in the final product. The 2025 amendment to Article 12-2 of the Food Sanitation Act (Act No. 21299) marks a transition to an ingredient-based labeling system, making the use of GM raw materials, rather than residual DNA, the basis for labeling. This reform represents not merely an expansion of labeling scope but a structural shift in the regulatory paradigm, indicating the need to introduce a social verification system. This study examines the legislative evolution of Korea’s GMO labeling regime and identifies key regulatory issues arising from the 22nd National Assembly’s reform. Through international comparative analysis, it derives policy implications for implementation and proposes consolidating dispersed GMO labeling provisions into the Act on Labeling and Advertising of Foods, etc., while institutionalizing the Food Trace- ability System as Korea’s social verification mechanism.