Reconceptualizing Symptom Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: A Psychospiritual Integration of Stress, Appraisal, and Coping

Key Points

• The aim is to redefine how symptoms in cardiovascular disease are understood by integrating psychological and spiritual factors.
• Literature review on existing models of symptom pathways
• Analysis of the interplay between stress, appraisal, and coping mechanisms
• Proposal of a new framework for understanding symptoms
• Identified gaps in current symptom pathway models
• Demonstrated how psychospiritual factors influence symptom perception
• Proposed a new integrative model for clinicians