Exercise Training Ameliorates The Tramadol-Induced Toxicity on VEGF/VEGFRs/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Testicular Tissue after Tramadol Withdrawal.

Key Points

• The aim is to investigate how exercise training influences tramadol-induced disruptions in signaling pathways related to testicular tissue.
• Assessment of tramadol's effects on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
• Evaluation of changes in VEGF and VEGFR1/R2 expression after exercise training.
• Comparative analysis of signaling before and after tramadol withdrawal.
• Tramadol significantly disrupts PI3K/AKT signaling.
• Exercise training enhances the expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2.
• ETPs contribute to reversing tramadol's adverse effects on signaling pathways.