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April 22, 20262 citationsOpen Access

Automatic Relativistic Corrections from the Clausius-Mossotti W^ (-1/3) Potential: Tested Against Measured Data for Z = 1 to 92

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MSMandeep Singh

Key Points

  • The aim is to demonstrate that the Clausius-Mossotti potential provides more accurate binding energy predictions for hydrogen-like ions compared to Coulomb and Dirac models.
  • Utilized the Klein-Gordon equation to derive the Clausius-Mossotti potential.
  • Compared binding energies from measured data of 23 hydrogen-like ions (Z = 1 to 92).
  • Evaluated various spin correction variants to assess their effect on accuracy.
  • Clausius-Mossotti potential outperformed Coulomb in 21 out of 23 cases.
  • Average error with Coulomb was 2.05%, while CM achieved 0.54% and Dirac 0.38%.
  • In heavy atoms (Z > 26), the error improved from 4.5% (Coulomb) to 1.1% (CM), a fourfold reduction.

Abstract

The CM metric's Klein-Gordon equation produces a derived potential V = μ² (W^ (-1/3) − 1), where W = (1−β²) / (1+2β²). This single closed-form function automatically includes relativistic corrections to all orders. Tested against measured 1s binding energies for 23 hydrogen-like ions (Z = 1 to 92): CM beats Coulomb in 21/23 cases. Average error: Coulomb 2. 05%, CM 0. 54%, Dirac 0. 38%. Heavy atoms (Z > 26): Coulomb 4. 5% → CM 1. 1% (4× improvement). Uranium: Coulomb 12. 6% → CM 0. 6% (20× improvement). Five spin correction variants tested — every correction makes it worse, confirming spin-orbit is already included non-perturbatively. CM closes 90% of the Coulomb-to-Dirac accuracy gap. No free parameters. Paper 2026u in the Speed Gap (CM) Framework series.

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Cite This Study

Mandeep Singh (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e866ad6e0dea528ddeb067https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19663494
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Also Consider

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  1. 1From Quantum Potential to Atomic Structure: Seven Derived Results in D=3 Geometry2026
  2. 2Gravitational Surface Redshift from the CM Metric: An EOS-Independent Test, Coordinate Corrections, and Interior Field Equation2026
  3. 3Strong-Field Klein-Gordon Equation in the CM Metric: Spatial Flatness, Effective Mass, and Eigenvalue Predictions2026
  4. 4The CM Metric: From Clausius-Mossotti to Schwarzschild2026
  5. 5Self-Consistent Quantization, the Three-Dimensional Kepler Law, and Standing-Wave Quark Positions from the Clausius-Mossotti Metric2026