Oral diseases affect an estimated 3.5 billion people globally and remain among the most prevalent noncommunicable conditions. Despite recent global policy commitments under the WHO Global Oral Health Strategy and Action Plan (2023–2030), substantial variation persists in how countries structurally embed oral health within national health systems. A structural classification of all 194 WHO Member States was conducted using WHO 2022 oral health country profiles and official policy documentation. Countries were categorized according to financing architecture and entitlement design into four integration models: Structural UHC Integration, Partial or Targeted Integration, Predominantly Private or Insurance-Driven Systems, and Minimal or Emerging Integration. Regional and global distributions were calculated using RStudio (version 2025.09.0, Posit Software, PBC, Boston, MA, USA). Globally, Partial or Targeted Integration represents the most common configuration (44%), followed by Predominantly Private systems (17%) and Minimal or Emerging Integration (15%), while Structural UHC Integration accounts for approximately 10% of countries. Marked regional heterogeneity was observed, with Structural UHC Integration concentrated in selected regions and Minimal or Emerging models more prevalent in parts of Africa and South-East Asia. Findings suggest that integration is primarily determined by financing architecture and legally defined entitlements rather than national income level alone. Structural embedding of oral health within pooled universal coverage mechanisms appears to be an important structural feature associated with higher levels of integration.
Moussa et al. (Mon,) studied this question.