Maxillofacial fracture patterns in a tertiary care army centre: A 7-year retrospective observational study

Introduction: Maxillofacial fractures pose a significant health challenge in military settings due to high-risk combat and training activities, impacting facial aesthetics, function and overall well-being. This 7-year retrospective observational study at a tertiary care army centre analyses prevalence, patterns, etiology and outcomes of the injuries among military personnel and dependents from 2017 to 2023. Patients and Methods: This single-institution retrospective study reviewed 431 maxillofacial trauma cases at a tertiary-level military teaching hospital, including serving personnel, ex-servicemen, paramilitary, emergency civilians, and dependents. Inclusion criteria covered direct and referred cases with maxillofacial injuries; exclusions were non-maxillofacial trauma, incomplete records, and conservative management cases. Data from medical records on demographics, injury details, mechanisms, and outcomes were analysed using Microsoft Excel for descriptive statistics, frequencies, and cross-tabulations, with institutional review board approval. Results: Males predominated (381/431, 88.4%), with most cases in the 19-44 age group (62.41% males, 4.64% females); children under 12 were least affected (1.39% males, 0.70% females). Road traffic accidents were the leading cause, followed by falls and sports injuries; maxillary fractures (380) slightly exceeded mandibular (368), with zygomatico-maxillary complex fractures most common (52.89%). Fractures showed no significant right-left side preference (similar bilateral rates ~10%). Conclusion: Maxillofacial fractures predominantly affect young adult males via road traffic accidents in this military cohort, with midface (zygomatico-maxillary) injuries most prevalent. The incidence of fractures resulting from RTAs can be effectively reduced through stricter implementation of preventive measures, including the mandatory use of helmets and seat belts, as well as more stringent enforcement of laws against driving under the influence of alcohol.