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May 6, 20260 citationsOpen Access

The Beginning, End, and Infinite Cycle of the Universe: Singularity-Free Evolution with Form-Dimension State ΨD and Covariant Bounce Density in a Z₂-Symmetric cosh Potential Framework

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HBHamdi Barut

Key Points

  • The study aims to develop a scalar-tensor framework for understanding dark energy and cosmic evolution.
  • Developed a Z₂-symmetric cosh potential for cosmological modeling.
  • Utilized the effective-field-theory approach to analyze dark energy's equation of state.
  • Applied linear perturbation analysis to verify stability in the model.
  • Tested the model against observational data using MCMC analysis.
  • Proposed a singularity-free bounce in the cosmological framework.
  • Demonstrated the model can evolve cyclically or into attractor-dominated states.
  • Showed the model's predictions align with observational data from supernovae, BAO, and CMB.

Abstract

This article presents a Z₂-symmetric cosh potential single-field scalar-tensor framework for late-time cosmology and dark-energy phenomenology. The theory's fundamental structure rests on the cosmological evolution of a canonical scalar field φ, with potential V (φ) = Λ⁴ coshβ (φ − φ★) /MP, where Λ and β are dimensionless parameters. At low energies and low matter-radiation density, the effective-field-theory (EFT) approach is fully valid. In this regime, the theory predicts a redshift-dependent deviation in the dark1 energy equation of state: w (z) = −1 + ε₀ (1 + z) ^ (2β²), where ε₀ and β² parameters are constrained by observational data. At high energy densities, inspired by the structure of loop quantum cosmology, a leadingorder effective correction mechanism ρb (φ) = 2MP⁴Λ⁴/V (φ) is introduced. This mechanism provides automatic avoidance of cosmological singularities. A singularity-free bounce occurs, and after the bounce, the system can evolve into cyclic or attractordominated evolution. The model is structurally minimal and fully covariant. It automatically satisfies the equation-of-state boundary w ≥ −1. The Bianchi identity and energy-momentum conservation are explicitly verified. Linear perturbation analysis demonstrates the absence of ghost and gradient instabilities. The model is testable against Pantheon+ Type Ia supernovae, DESI BAO data, and Planck CMB observations through MCMC analysis. The central innovation is a minimal framework unifying late-time dark-energy dynamics with bounded high-energy behavior.

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Cite This Study

Hamdi Barut (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69faa2e204f884e66b533672https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20023797
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1The Beginning, End and Infinite Cycle of the Universe: A Singularity-Free Evolution via the Dimension–Form Equation xⁿ and a Z₂-Symmetric cosh Potential Framework2026
  2. 2ΨD Cosmology: A Phenomenological Z₂-Symmetric Scalar Field Framework for Nonsingular Cyclic Evolution2026
  3. 3The Beginning, the End, and the Eternal Cycle of the Universe2026
  4. 4A One-Parameter Cosmology2026
  5. 5The Story of the Universe2026