Moisture Transport and Sources of the Extreme Precipitation Over Northern and Southern Xinjiang in the Summer Half-Year During 1979–2018

Based on the output data from the Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion model (FLEXPART), we analyze the pathways of moisture to identify the moisture source areas for extreme precipitation in the summer half-year (April–September) over northern and southern Xinjiang, respectively. For both northern and southern Xinjiang, the local evaporation plays a decisive role for extreme precipitation in the summer half-year, of which contribution ratio accounts for 24.5% to northern Xinjiang and 30.2% to southern Xinjiang of all identified source areas. In addition, central Asia and northwestern Asia are the major moisture source areas as well and contribute similarly to extreme precipitation relative to local evaporation. For northern Xinjiang, central Asia surpasses northwestern Asia, and each of them contributes 24.1 and 18.8%, whereas northwestern Asia is somewhat more crucial than central Asia for southern Xinjiang, accounting 22.1 and 19.1%, respectively. Note that the three top-ranked moisture source areas make up a large proportion of total sources. Regarding the remaining source areas that also provide moisture, the contributions are entirely different for southern and northern Xinjiang. Originating from the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea, some water vapor enters northern Xinjiang and converge to precipitate, while this process is barely detectable for extreme precipitation over southern Xinjiang, which is affected by the westerly flow. On the contrary, the Arabian Sea, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Peninsula contribute, even though slightly, to extreme precipitation over southern Xinjiang, which indicates that the meridional transport pathways from the Arabian Sea can carry moisture to this inland region.