Association of oral iron replacement therapy with kidney failure and mortality in CKD patients

ABSTRACT Background Oral iron is the predominant route of iron replacement (IRT) but its benefits and safety are unclear in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods We examined the association of oral IRT vs no IRT with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and mortality in a national cohort of US Veterans. We identified 17 413 incident new users of oral IRT with estimated glomerular filtration rates 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 32 530 controls who did not receive any IRT during 2004–18. We used propensity score–overlap weighting to account for differences in key baseline characteristics associated with the use of oral IRT. We examined associations using competing risk regression and Cox models. Results In the cohort of 49 943 patients, 1616 (3.2%) patients experienced ESKD and 28 711 (57%) patients died during a median follow-up of 1.9 years. Oral IRT was not associated with ESKD subhazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval, CI) 1.00 (0.84–1.19), P = .9 and was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality HR (95% CI) 1.06 (1.01–1.11), P = .01. There was significant heterogeneity of treatment effect for mortality, with oral IRT associated with higher mortality in the subgroups of patients without congestive heart failure (CHF), anemia or iron deficiency. In patient with blood hemoglobin 10 g/dL oral IRT was associated with significantly lower mortality. Conclusion Oral IRT was associated with lower mortality only in patients with anemia. In patients without anemia, iron deficiency or CHF, the risk–benefit ratio of oral IRT should be further examined.