studies using preosteoblast cells demonstrated consistently high cell viability (>75%) across all scaffold designs, with sustained proliferation over 7 days. Notably, scaffold porosity and material composition influenced proliferative responses, with significant increases observed in select formulations. Collectively, these results demonstrate that DLP-printed PPF/PCLF/HA composite scaffolds provide a mechanically viable and cytocompatible platform with tunable properties, supporting their potential utility in bone tissue engineering applications.Impact StatementCritical-sized bone defects lack effective, widely accessible treatment options due to the limitations of current grafting strategies. This work introduces a digitally light processed (DLP) 3D-printable composite scaffold with tunable mechanical properties and architecture suitable for load-bearing applications. By integrating poly(propylene fumarate), poly(caprolactone fumarate), and hydroxyapatite, the platform enables control over structural and biological performance while maintaining high cytocompatibility. These findings highlight a scalable and customizable approach to bone tissue engineering that may reduce reliance on traditional grafts and improve outcomes in complex bone repair.
Schreiber et al. (Sat,) studied this question.