This study presents a comprehensive exergy-based thermodynamic analysis of a standalone liquid air energy storage (LAES) system integrated with internal thermal storage and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for sustainable large-scale energy storage applications. Unlike conventional studies, this work focuses on providing a scalable design framework by quantifying storage fluid requirements on a per-unit-mass-flow and per-MWh-capacity basis, enabling the results to be generalized for various power outputs and storage capacities. The proposed system configurations with two- and three-stage compression were compared in terms of liquid yield, round-trip efficiency (RTE), exergy efficiency, and storage fluid requirements. Results indicate that the optimal operating pressures are 190 bar for charging and 130 bar for discharging. At 200 bar charging pressure, the liquid yield increases from 0.51 (at 60 bar) to 0.86, while the maximum RTE reaches 62% in the base case and 68% with ORC integration. Incorporating ORC enhances the RTE by approximately 6–7% compared with conventional configurations through improved low-grade waste heat recovery and energy utilization. The two-stage compression configuration with ORC demonstrates the best thermodynamic performance, providing higher exergy efficiency, greater net power output, and lower thermal storage requirements. Furthermore, the reduction in thermal storage fluid demand contributes to improved resource utilization and lower infrastructure requirements for large-scale deployment. Additional sensitivity analyses indicate that thermal losses significantly reduce system performance, whereas ambient temperature fluctuations within ±15 K have only a minor influence on round-trip efficiency and liquid yield due to compensating effects between charging and discharging processes. The findings of this study provide scalable design insights for LAES systems and demonstrate the potential of ORC-assisted LAES technology to support renewable energy integration, sustainable grid flexibility, and low-carbon energy infrastructure development.
Kılıç et al. (Wed,) studied this question.