Molecular Analysis of Immunoglobulin Genes in Multiple Myeloma

The study of immunoglobulin genes in multiple myeloma over the last five years has provided important information regarding biology, ontogenetic location, disease evolution, pathogenic consequences and tumor-specific therapeutic intervention with idiotypic vaccination. Detailed analysis of V(H) genes has revealed clonal relationship between switch variants expressed by the bone marrow plasma cell and myeloma progenitors in the marrow and peripheral blood. V(H) gene usage is biased against V4-34 (encoding antibodies with cold agglutinin specificity; anti-l/i) explaining the absence of autoimmune phenomena in myeloma compared to other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. V(H) genes accumulate somatic hypermutations following a distribution compatible with antigen selection, but with no intraclonal heterogeneity. V(L) genes indicate a bias in usage of VkappaI family members and somatic hypermutation, in line with antigen selection, of the expressed Vkappa genes is higher than any other B-cell lymphoid disorder. A complementary imprint of antigen selection as evidenced by somatic hypermutation of either the V(H) or V(L) clonogenic genes has been observed. The absence of ongoing somatic mutations in either V(H) or V(L) genes gives rise to the notion that the cell of origin in myeloma is a post-germinal center memory B-cell. Clinical application of sensitive PCR methods in order to detect clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements has made relevant the monitoring and follow-up of minimal residual disease in stem cell autografts and after myeloablative therapy. The fact that surface immunoglobulin V(H) and V(L) sequences constitute unique tumor-specific antigenic determinants has stimulated investigators to devise strategies aiming to generate active specific immunity against the idiotype of malignant B-cells in myeloma by constructing vaccines based on expressed single-chain Fv fragments, DNA plasmids carrying V(H)+V(L) clonogenic genes for naked DNA vaccination, or dendritic cell-based vaccination armed with the tumor-specific idiotype.