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Numerous studies underscore the role of parents' positive attitudes and engagement in fostering successful HLM (Tran et al., 2022;Inan et al., 2024). However, maintaining consistent language policies at home remains challenging, with research showing that only a third of families have explicit rules about language use, and even fewer enforce them regularly (Tran et al., 2022). Additionally, macro-level societal attitudes toward minority languages, alongside conflicting language ideologies in schools and communities, often create barriers that diminish the effectiveness of FLP (Cui it develops through dynamic, interactive experiences across multiple contexts. As Bialystok (2012) asserts, bilingual development is influenced by a complex interplay of individual, familial, and environmental factors. Thus, viewing HLM only through the lens of FLP neglects these broader dynamics. Effective language planning must consider the intersecting influences of institutional support, language ideologies, and public discourse (Kaplan Visonà community organizations must be resourced to offer meaningful engagement opportunities; digital platforms must be accessible and culturally relevant; and policymakers must enact legislation that affirms linguistic diversity as a societal value.Future research should explore how digital technologies intersect with socioeconomic status to shape language practices, and how schools can better align with the language goals of diverse families. Recognizing the collective dimensions of HLM not only supports bilingual children but also strengthens cultural diversity, economy, and contributes to a more equitable society.By embracing this collective framework, multilingual societies can ensure that heritage languages are not only preserved but celebrated as important components of our shared human experience.
Inan et al. (Tue,) studied this question.