Breast cancer remains a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Emerging nanomedicine strategies, including BCc1, offer the potential to enhance antitumor immunity while minimizing treatment-associated toxicity. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of BCc1 nanomedicine on splenic cytokine networks in 4T1 breast tumor–bearing mice. Seventy female BALB/c mice were treated for 24 days with PBS, BCc1 (0.1–0.4 mg/kg intraperitoneally; 10–40 mg/kg orally), or cyclophosphamide (20 mg per dose). Splenic , , and levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High-dose parenteral BCc1 robustly suppressed all three cytokines, rebalanced the splenic ratio, and shifted the cytokine milieu toward an immunostimulatory profile, achieving effects comparable to or exceeding cyclophosphamide. Oral BCc1 elicited milder but dose-dependent responses. These findings identify BCc1 as a potent immunomodulatory nanomedicine capable of orchestrating systemic innate antitumor immunity, with parenteral administration producing the most pronounced immunological remodeling. This study supports further preclinical and translational exploration of BCc1 in breast cancer therapy.
Afzali et al. (Fri,) studied this question.