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In the digital age, the rapid proliferation of misinformation and disinformation poses a critical challenge to societal trust and the integrity of public discourse. This study presents a comprehensive machine learning framework for fake news detection, integrating advanced natural language processing techniques and deep learning architectures. We rigorously evaluate a diverse set of detection models across multiple content types, including social media posts, news articles, and user-generated comments. Our approach systematically compares traditional machine learning classifiers (Naïve Bayes, SVMs, Random Forest) with state-of-the-art deep learning models, such as CNNs, LSTMs, and BERT, while incorporating optimized vectorization techniques, including TF-IDF, Word2Vec, and contextual embeddings. Through extensive experimentation across multiple datasets, our results demonstrate that BERT-based models consistently achieve superior performance, significantly improving detection accuracy in complex misinformation scenarios. Furthermore, we extend the evaluation beyond conventional accuracy metrics by incorporating the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) and Receiver Operating Characteristic–Area Under the Curve (ROC–AUC), ensuring a robust and interpretable assessment of model efficacy. Beyond technical advancements, we explore the ethical implications of automated misinformation detection, addressing concerns related to censorship, algorithmic bias, and the trade-off between content moderation and freedom of expression. This research not only advances the methodological landscape of fake news detection but also contributes to the broader discourse on safeguarding democratic values, media integrity, and responsible AI deployment in digital environments.
Mouratidis et al. (Fri,) studied this question.