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We derive and study a model describing passive mode locking---a set of differential equations with time delay. Unlike classical mode locking models based on the Haus master equation, this model does not assume small gain and loss per cavity round trip. Therefore, it is valid in a parameter range typical of semiconductor lasers. The limit of a slow saturable absorber is analyzed analytically. Bifurcations responsible for the appearance and breakup of the mode locking regime are studied numerically.
Vladimirov et al. (Mon,) studied this question.