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BACKGROUND: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly stable chemical contaminants of emerging concern for human and environmental health due to their non-natural chemistry, widespread use, and environmental persistence. Despite conventional metrology, mitigation strategies, and removal technologies, the complexity of this growing problem necessitates alternative approaches to tackle the immense challenges associated with complex environmental PFAS contamination. Recently, biology has emerged as an alternative approach to detect and mitigate PFAS and understand the molecular-level responses of living organisms to these compounds. However, little is understood of the impacts of PFAS on the environment, particularly impacts on microorganisms that play pivotal roles in nearly every ecosystem. Therefore, further study is needed to understand how microorganisms respond to different PFAS across growth phases. RESULTS: In this study, we performed RNA sequencing at mid-exponential, early stationary phase, and late stationary phase of bacterial growth to determine the global transcriptional response of a model chassis, Escherichia coli MG1655, induced by two PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), and equivalent non-fluorinated carboxylic acids (NFCA), octanoic acid and dodecanoic acid. Differential gene expression analysis revealed PFOA and PFDoA induced distinct changes in gene expression throughout cultivation. Specifically, we identified significant changes in expression of the formate regulon and sulfate assimilation at mid-exponential phase and ferrous iron transport, central metabolism, the molecular chaperone network, and motility processes during stationary phase. Importantly, many of these changes were distinct from changes induced by NFCAs across growth phases. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we find PFAS induce a system-level change in gene expression of metabolic, transport, and regulatory pathways, providing insight into how these non-natural chemicals interact with a model bacterium at various growth phases. In addition, the transcriptomic dataset presented could enable the development of future real-time environmental monitoring and mitigation technologies.
Wintenberg et al. (Fri,) studied this question.