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We present a microscopic model of a granular pile submitted to vibration, emphasizing the competing roles of collective and single-particle excitations which lead to specific characteristics of the resulting state. The effect of vibration on a powder is next investigated by a novel computer-simulation approach in three dimensions, which enables us to probe cooperative in the bulk; satisfying agreement with the predictions of the model is obtained.
Mehta et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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