Exploring the Etiology of Alzheimer Disease Using Molecular Genetics

Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, exists in both familial and sporadic forms. Genetic studies have led to the identification of 3 genes, β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2 (PS2), which, when mutated, can cause familial forms of AD. Mutations in each of these genes result in elevated levels of Aβ42/43, a proteolytic processing fragment ofAPPthat is deposited in brains of AD patients. Transgenic mice carrying AD-causing mutations inAPPdevelop spontaneous agerelated β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and memory impairment. Genetic linkage and association studies have also shown that the ϵ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene increases risk for AD in a dose-dependent manner in both familial and sporadic forms of AD and may account for as much as 50% of the attributable risk.APOEgenotyping may be useful both as an adjunct to diagnosis and in identifying patient groups for therapeutic intervention. While the biological basis for the association ofAPOEϵ4 with AD is not known, age of onset and Aβ deposition are positively correlated with ϵ4 allele dosage in some cases, suggesting that this risk may also be mediated directly or indirectly through Aβ. Because 50% of AD cases have noAPOEϵ4 alleles and families showing mendelian inheritance of AD exist in whom there are no mutations in any of theAPP, PS1, orPS2genes, it is likely that there are additional AD risk factors, both genetic and environmental, still to be identified.