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BACKGROUND: Audit and feedback (A a control group receiving no intervention; a quantitatively measurable outcome; minimum n of 10 per arm; sufficient statistics for effect size calculations. Moderators: presence of discouragement and praise; correct solution, attainment level, velocity, frequency, and normative information; feedback format (verbal, textual, graphic, public, computerized, group vs. individual); goal setting activity. PROCEDURE: meta-analytic procedures using the Hedges-Olkin method. RESULTS: Of 519 studies initially identified, 19 met all inclusion criteria. Studies were most often excluded due to the lack of a feedback-only arm. A providing specific suggestions for improvement, written, and more frequent feedback strengthened this effect, whereas graphical and verbal feedback attenuated this effect. CONCLUSIONS: A however, research with stricter experimental controls is needed to identify the specific feedback characteristics that maximize its effectiveness.
Sylvia J. Hysong (Sun,) studied this question.
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