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Summary form only given. This paper proposes a Simulated Annealing (SA) approach to address energy resources management from the point of view of a Virtual Power Player (VPP) operating in a smart grid. Distributed generation, demand response, and gridable vehicles are intelligently managed on a multi-period basis according to V2G users' profiles and requirements. Apart from using the aggregated resources, the VPP can also purchase additional energy from a set of external suppliers. The paper includes a case study for a 33 bus distribution network with 66 generators, 32 loads and 1000 gridable vehicles. The results of the SA approach are compared with a methodology based on mixed-integer non-linear programming. A variation of this method, using ac load flow, is also used and the results are compared with the SA solution using network simulation. The proposed SA approach proved to be able to obtain good solutions in low execution times, providing VPPs with suitable decision support for the management of a large number of distributed resources.
Sousa et al. (Sun,) studied this question.